Monday, August 22, 2005

BBC NEWS | Technology | Vietnam medic makes DIY endoscope

BBC NEWS | Technology | Vietnam medic makes DIY endoscope: "A hospital doctor in the poor rural area around the Mekong Delta in Vietnam has used his PC and some cheap parts to create a homemade endoscope.

In Vietnam, there is a shortage of endoscopes, with normally only one in each province.

Endoscopy is a minimally invasive diagnostic procedure used to evaluate the interior surfaces of an organ by inserting a small scope in the body. Through the scope, doctors are able to see lesions.

Dr Nguyen Phuoc Huy said his hospital could never afford to buy one as the endoscope costs around $30,000.

Instead he spent two years developing a DIY endoscope to peer inside the bodies of patients without the need for surgery.

Low cost system

The scope captures images from the body of a patient, which are then passed through a webcam to an analysis machine.


Dr Huy spent two years building the system
'The adaptor costs almost nothing because it is simply a system of lens linked to a webcam costing just about $30.

'In total I had to buy only the scope, which is about $800,' Dr Huy told the BBC World Service programme Go Digital."...

NPR : The Race to Share in Nigeria's Oil Bounty

NPR : The Race to Share in Nigeria's Oil Bounty: "he Energy Department says the United States depends on Africa for 18 percent of its petroleum imports. That percentage is growing rapidly. The biggest African producer is Nigeria.

For Nigerians, it's a promising moment. It's also perilous. The fight over who benefits from oil money is going on at all levels of Nigerian society.

Vast oil and gas reserves lie beneath the coastal swamps of the Niger River Delta. It's a desperately poor region with few good roads. And it is less peaceful than it looks.

Oil companies face hostility from gangsters, ethnic militias and even ordinary locals.

International energy companies point out that they've spent millions on Nigerian schools and hospitals. They've also paid billions of dollars in taxes. But that money has a way of disappearing in a country with a reputation for corruption.

Even so, it's good business to stay there as companies scramble across the globe to bolster their proven oil reserves."

BBC NEWS | Africa | Secret film of Zimbabwe 'squalor'

BBC NEWS | Africa | Secret film of Zimbabwe 'squalor': "Amnesty International has released a secretly-shot film from Zimbabwe, showing what it says is the squalid aftermath of Harare's slum clearances."

BBC NEWS | Africa | Dumped in Zimbabwe's poor villages

A personalized account of Mugabe's operation Murambitsvina ("Drive Out Rubbish")...

BBC NEWS | Africa | Dumped in Zimbabwe's poor villages: "For Thomas and his wife, Charity, it was not a happy homecoming.

In fact, it was not really a homecoming at all. The Zimbabwean government had decided that the young couple belonged in a village deep in the dry bush of Matabeleland North province, in western Zimbabwe.

Thomas was born there, but had not lived there since childhood. His ageing grandmother is his only relative still living in the village.

'They were not pleased to receive us since we came empty-handed,' Thomas said. 'They are in a difficult situation with drought. It was a difficult moment for them.'

The United Nations estimates that up to four million Zimbabweans will need food aid over the coming year - mostly in rural areas.

That came to an end in July, when the government's Operation Murambatsvina [Drive Out Rubbish] reached the place where they were living.

"We were harassed by police who destroyed our shack - that's why we had to come to this place," Thomas said. "The police said there was too much filth in this city."

Thomas, 23, and Charity, 21, had made a living as informal traders in a squatter camp in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe's second largest city, some 200 km away."...

The government's critics believe that the relocations are part of a strategy to reassert control over urban people who have voted overwhelmingly for the opposition in recent elections.

"They want total political control - they want to peasantify people like [former Cambodian leader] Pol Pot - force them into they country so they can control them," says the Catholic Archbishop of Bulawayo, Pius Ncube.

People have become dependent on aid from churches
"In the countryside they have no newspaper or radio except Zanu-PF propaganda, and they are controlled by the chiefs, who support the government."

Thomas and Charity were forced onto a truck which took them out of Bulawayo, then a local bus, and ended up walking for several hours through the bush. They say they received no food during the journey.

Charity says she did not even have a chance to say goodbye to her own family: "Since I came here they don't know I'm here. I want to go and tell them where I am." ...

Promises, Promises - New York Times

Trade barriers and rich vs. poor countries

Promises, Promises - New York Times: "The very same representatives of the club of rich countries who go around the world hectoring the poor to open up their markets to free trade put up roadblocks when those countries ask the rich to dismantle their own barriers to free trade in agricultural products.
Last month, negotiations at the W.T.O.'s Geneva headquarters once again brought this sad reality into stark relief. "...

Since then - surprise, surprise - negotiators have made big strides toward agreeing how to cut tariffs on manufactured goods, and, to a lesser extent, services. Both of those are important to rich countries.

And guess where negotiations have stalled? The European Union and the United States are busily fighting over how little they can get away with when it comes to liberalizing farm trade. Listening to these two economic powerhouses snipe about who should be doing what is revolting; neither is doing anything real.

The developed world funnels nearly $1 billion a day in subsidies to its own farmers, encouraging overproduction, which drives down commodity prices. Poor nations' farmers cannot compete with subsidized products, even within their own countries. In recent years, American farmers have been able to dump cotton, wheat, rice, corn and other products on world markets at prices that do not begin to cover their cost of production, all thanks to politicians and at the expense of American taxpayers. Europe's system, meanwhile, is even more odious: United States farm subsidies are equal to only a third of the European Union's.

The Breaking Point - New York Times

An In depth analysis of Saudi Oil Reserves..a bit scary actually...

The Breaking Point - New York Times: "The Breaking Point"

Friday, August 19, 2005

Nanotube sheets come of age

Carbon nanotubes...

Nanotube sheets come of age: "They're soft, strong, and very, very long.

Large, transparent sheets of carbon nanotubes can now be produced at lightning speed. The new technique should allow the nanotubes to be used in commercial devices from heated car windows to flexible television screens."

(from Glenn Reynolds)

The Other Half - New York Times

Chairman of National Action Committee on AIDS in Nigeria highlights the well known fact that many AIDS patients in Africa are victims of sexual violence and suggests some solutions, other than abstinence...

The Other Half - New York Times: "For example, a major partner, the United States government, enthusiastically promotes abstinence until marriage as the main way for young people to avoid H.I.V. infection. Abstinence is one critical prevention strategy, but it cannot be the only one. Focusing on abstinence assumes young people can choose whether to have sex. For adolescent girls in Nigeria and in many other countries, this is an inaccurate assumption. Many girls fall prey to sexual violence and coercion. Many others are married off very young, as young as 13 or 14, long before they are psychologically or physically ready. Abstinence is not an option for these girls, nor is getting their partners to use condoms. It is unacceptable for a woman or girl to ask her partner to use one in our part of the world. In Nigeria, only 23 percent of the men and 8 percent of women use condoms regularly, and, as elsewhere, almost none of them use condoms with a spouse or primary partner."

Private-Sector Mercy - New York Times

A Peace Corps for pharmaceutical companies--similar ideas to those cited in C.K. Prahalad's "The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid."

Private-Sector Mercy - New York Times: "BY almost every measure - the spreading disaster of H.I.V. infection and AIDS, the vast suffering caused by malaria - the world is failing to meet the health needs of its poorest people. Yet in the world of public health, there is a growing mood of cautious optimism and commitment based on a novel way of approaching these problems; one that does not rely on Western governments.

In the West, and in developing countries, people and organizations are using proven business strategies to devise workable solutions. This social entrepreneurship is transforming global public health.

Consider the long-standing problem that developing countries have faced in obtaining affordable, effective drugs. The profit-making pharmaceutical business model that works well in generating effective treatments for many diseases in the developed world doesn't work at all for diseases limited to people who have little or no money. Yet it has produced drug leads that could treat and even cure some of the worst diseases that afflict the world's poorest people.

These promising leads are languishing because companies can't justify the enormous costs involved in turning them into therapies that won't return a profit, or even research and development investments. Thus with few exceptions, the pharmaceutical industry has abandoned research on drugs to treat tropical parasitic diseases."...

Today, public health is primarily a government responsibility. While we do need governments for implementation and scale, we need to encourage individuals and corporations to bring fresh ideas. And especially, we need to tap innovative social entrepreneurs like Govindappa Venkataswamy, an Indian doctor who turned an 11-bed clinic into the largest eye care facility in the world, and Vera Cordeiro, a Brazilian doctor who is building a health care system to prevent recurring illnesses in poor children. These entrepreneurs use the classic strategies of a start-up business - product innovation, efficiency improvements and a keen understanding of the customer - to find new solutions to the challenge of improving health.

Feeding More for Less in Niger - New York Times

Interesting details about the details of food aid distribution by he director of the Trade Program at the Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy...

Feeding More for Less in Niger - New York Times: "THE famine unfolding today in Niger has too many familiar characteristics. One of the poorest countries in the world is in a deadly crisis - one foreseen and ignored until the cost of intervention had jumped from $1 per child to $80, according to the United Nations.

Many people have died and more will die in the coming weeks and months because rich countries failed to respond in time. United Nations agencies first appealed for money and food in November, but governments have only started to respond seriously in the last few weeks.

It does not have to be this way. Swift and smart reforms to outdated American food-aid programs can move us toward preventing such crises rather than cleaning up after them.

In a study I did this year with Kathleen McAfee, a geographer at the University of California, Berkeley, we concluded that the United States' food-aid system has two main problems - ones that other major donor countries have already taken steps to solve."

First, almost all the aid is in the form of food produced in the United States. The government buys food from American commodity traders. The food is fortified, bagged and shipped by American firms. This approach usually results in costs well over market rate for food, handling and transport. The emphasis on using American commodities and firms is grossly inefficient and means that food is slow to arrive where it is needed. It also prevents the establishment of local food systems.

Most other major donors, particularly those in the European Union, give money instead of food. This frees agencies like the United Nations World Food Program to buy food from farmers near the affected country - farmers who are often very poor - and to send the food quickly where it is most needed....

The second major problem is that the United States sells some of its food aid. It is the only country other than South Korea to sell food aid (albeit for less than commercial prices) or give it to intermediaries that then sell it. Private American aid organizations receive American food aid and sometimes sell the food at local markets to raise money for their other aid programs in the country. Governments of recipient countries also sell food aid at local markets to raise money. The result is a subsidized sale that creates unfair competition for local farmers and commercial traders....

It should transition to cash-based aid and phase out sales of food aid. The United States also needs to work with other donors and local governments to establish regional reserves in the most vulnerable parts of the world so that local authorities and private agencies can respond to crises quickly. The government should make multi-year guaranteed donations to the World Food Program so that the agency has the financial reserves to allow it plan its responses to emerging crises. The United States should also simplify its food aid system, which consists of six different programs administered by two agencies.

Study shows some types of military interventions can slow or stop genocide

Study shows some types of military interventions can slow or stop genocide: "A study published in the latest issue of International Studies Quarterly is the first to examine the effectiveness of military action on the severity of ongoing instances of genocide and polititcide. The study reveals that only overt military interventions that explicitly challenge the perpetrator appear to be effective in reducing the severity of the brutal policies. Military support for targets, or in opposition to the perpetrators, alters the almost complete vulnerability of unarmed civilian targets. And these interventions that directly target the perpetrators were not, on the whole, found to make matters worse for those being attacked. 'If actors wish to slow or stop the killing in an ongoing instance of state-sponsored mass murder, they are more likely to be effective if they oppose the perpetrators of the brutal policy,' author Matthew Krain states. He finds that even military intervention against the perpetrator by a single country or international organization has a measurable effect in the 'typical' case.

When a single international actor challenges the aggressor, the probability that the killings will escalate drops while the probability that the killings will decrease jumps. Each additional intervention by another international actor raises the chance of saving lives. Krain's study examines factors affecting all ongoing instances of state-sponsored mass murder from 1955 to 1997 and simulates the effects of interventions on two cases, including the current case of mass murder in Darfur, Sudan. His results also confirm that attempts to intervene as impartial parties seem ineffective. 'By finding that increasing the number of interventions against perpetrators of genocide or politicide reduces severity this study confirms that international interventions against perpetrators do save lives,' Krain concludes."

Thursday, August 18, 2005

Wired News: Antibiotics From Crocodile Blood?

Crocodiles are the real hunters...at a microbial level...

"They tear limbs off each other and despite the fact that they live in this environment with all these microbes, they heal up very rapidly and normally, almost always without infection,"
Wired News: Antibiotics From Crocodile Blood?: "SYDNEY -- Scientists in Australia's tropical north are collecting blood from crocodiles in the hope of developing a powerful antibiotic for humans, after tests showed that the reptile's immune system kills the HIV virus.

The crocodile's immune system is much more powerful than that of humans, preventing life-threatening infections after savage territorial fights which often leave the animals with gaping wounds and missing limbs."...

"If you take a test tube of HIV and add crocodile serum it will have a greater effect than human serum. It can kill a much greater number of HIV viral organisms," Britton said from Darwin's Crocodylus Park, a tourism park and research center.

Britton said the crocodile immune system worked differently from the human system by directly attacking bacteria immediately an infection occurred in the body.

"The crocodile has an immune system which attaches to bacteria and tears it apart and it explodes. It's like putting a gun to the head of the bacteria and pulling the trigger," he said.

Center for Global Development : Initiatives: Active: Making Markets for Vaccines

HUndreds of million people die from vaccine related diseases. Here is a proposal to give private companies to develop vaccines, by comitting to purchase large quanitities of a successful vaccine...

Center for Global Development : Initiatives: Active: Making Markets for Vaccines: "Making a commitment in advance to buy vaccines if and when they are developed would create incentives for industry to increase investment in research and development. New commercial investment would complement funding of research and development (R&D) by public and charitable bodies, accelerating the development of vital new vaccines for the developing world.

This report presents the proposal from theory to practice, by showing how a commitment can be consistent with ordinary legal and budgetary principles. A draft contract term sheet is included, highlighting the key elements of a credible guarantee."

Tuesday, August 16, 2005

Telegraph | News

Earth punctured by tiny cosmic missilesTelegraph | News:

Earth punctured by tiny cosmic missiles
By Robert Matthews, Science Correspondent
(Filed: 12/05/2002)

FORGET dangers from giant meteors: Earth is facing another threat from outer space. Scientists have come to the conclusion that two mysterious explosions in the 1990s were caused by bizarre cosmic missiles.
The two objects were picked up by earthquake detectors as they tore through Earth at up to 900,000 mph. According to scientists, the most plausible explanation is that they were 'strangelets', clumps of matter that have so far defied detection but whose existence was posited 20 years ago.

Formed in the Big Bang and inside extremely dense stars, strangelets are thought to be made from quarks - the subatomic particles found inside protons and neutrons. Unlike ordinary matter, however, they also contain 'strange quarks', particles normally only seen in high-energy accelerators.


The scientists looked for events producing two sharp signals, one as it entered Earth, the other as it emerged again. They found two such events, both in 1993. The first was on the morning of October 22. Seismometers in Turkey and Bolivia recorded a violent event in Antarctica that packed the punch of several thousand tons of TNT. The disturbance then ripped through Earth on a route that ended with it exiting through the floor of the Indian Ocean off Sri Lanka just 26 seconds later - implying a speed of 900,000 mph.

The second event took place on November 24, when sensors in Australia and Bolivia picked up an explosion starting in the Pacific south of the Pitcairn Islands and travelling through Earth to appear in Antarctica 19 seconds later.

According to the scientists, both events are consistent with an impact with strangelets at cosmic speeds. In a report about to be submitted to the Seismological Society of America, the team of geologists and physicists concludes: "The only explanation for such events of which we are aware is passage through the earth of ton-sized strange-quark nuggets."

Professor Eugene Herrin, a member of the team, said that two strangelets just one-tenth the breadth of a hair would account for the observations. "These things are extremely dense and travel at 40 times the speed of sound straight through the Earth - they'd hardly slow down as they went through."

U.N. Peacekeeping More Assertive, Creating Risk for Civilians

U.N. Peacekeeping More Assertive, Creating Risk for Civilians: "It also reflected a shift in tactics for U.N. peacekeeping troops, who by the mid-1990s were going out of their way to avoid combat. Now, the blue-helmeted troops are showing a renewed willingness to use considerable firepower against armed groups that they deem a threat to peace efforts.

'There has been a fundamental shift in peacekeeping that very few people have noticed, where U.N. peacekeepers are actually taking proactive, offensive preemptive action against threats,' said Nancy Soderberg, a former U.S. ambassador who oversaw U.N. peacekeeping for the U.S. mission to the United Nations from 1997 to 2000."

Sunday, August 14, 2005

Awash in Information, Patients Face a Lonely, Uncertain Road - New York Times

An excellent piece in the nytimes that encapsulates how atypical medical care is in the U.S. compared to the rest of the world. I think the underlying issue is that in American culture, there is a widespread delusion that we can control everything with enough information, the right doctors etc...I have had patients, after doing their internet research, tell me exactly how I am going to do their surgery, not valuing my experience in doing several thousand such procedures beforehand, not to mention two decades worth of medical training and practice.

Additionally it can be quite difficult for me to parse through the medical literature on a given topic, especially with regards to manipulation of statistics in peer referenced journals, without even getting into the "over the top spins" of big pharma on their products. I seriously doubt that most patients can tackle these issues.

It is frustrating and time-consuming to have to often re-educate patients when they come to office with misguided information from the internet or based on a sales pitch they saw or heard somewhere.

At the same time, I often find it frustrating that their is no good means to get the word out regarding one's skills etc...Patients usually form their opinion based on "bedside manner," which is only one component of care, especially in surgical specialties. Surgeons can't compete, like professional atheletes, on the number and range of cases (especially successful cases) they have done. Their is no public mechanism for such information...Patients can't tell which doctors are up to date on the latest treatment options. Doctors get known often on the basis of how many research papers they have had published, which is not necessarily an indicator of how good a clinician may be.

I am not even going to get into the whole mess with regards to insurance companies and the underlying threat of malpractice suits that colors every patient encounter here in the U.S....

Awash in Information, Patients Face a Lonely, Uncertain Road - New York Times: "Now, just about out of options, Ms. Gaines faced an excruciating decision. Her last-ditch chemotherapy regimen did seem to be working. Three medical oncologists thought she should stick with it. But two surgical oncologists thought she should first try cryosurgery, injecting liquid nitrogen into the tumors to shrink as many as possible, and then following up with chemotherapy, allowing it to be more effective.

The catch? Ms. Gaines's chances of even surviving the procedure were uncertain.

'Who will decide?' she asked a surgeon from Los Angeles.

The doctor then recited what has become the maddening litany of medical correctness: 'We're in the outer regions of medical knowledge,' he said, 'and none of us knows what you should do. So you have to make the decision, based on your values.'

Ms. Gaines, bald, tumor-ridden and exhausted from chemotherapy, was reeling. 'I'm not a doctor!' she shouted. 'I'm a criminal defense lawyer! How am I supposed to know?'

This is the blessing and the burden of being a modern patient. A generation ago, patients argued for more information, more choice and more say about treatment. To a great extent, that is exactly what they have received: a superabundance of information, often several treatment options and the right to choose among them.

As this new responsibility dawns on patients, some embrace it with a sense of pride and furious determination. But many find the job of being a modern patient, with its slog through medical uncertainty, to be lonely, frightening and overwhelming."...

Such quandaries do not apply only to life-rattling illnesses. Last summer, with the second joint of his left big toe painfully throbbing from gout, Carl Schneider, a law professor at the University of Michigan who had already consulted his internist and a rheumatologist, leaned wearily against a hospital wall as three other doctors argued over which regimen he should follow. One doctor handed him a 20-page Internet printout that cited gout treatment studies, none of them definitive.

"At 57, it's a little late to be starting medical school," Mr. Schneider remarked acidly. "But the burden still falls on me, having to pick among opinions." ...

Like many patients, Ms. Gaines did not turn to a primary care doctor to help coordinate her care or aid with decisions. Increasingly, that soul-healing doctor-patient relationship has become harder to sustain. Whipsawed by insurance plans, patients frequently switch physicians. Pressed by diminishing reimbursements, those doctors are building ever larger, more unwieldy practices, with less time for each patient.

The strain has left doctors themselves feeling exhausted, angry and heartbroken.

"My visits are almost ludicrous," said Dr. John Russo, an internist in West Orange, N.J., who sees 5,000 patients a year. "But economically you have to see so many more patients than you should, just to keep the lights on. You can't sit and talk and really get an entire history. So you do what you were taught as a resident: do more tests, don't spend more time with patients, getting to know them."...


Until the late 1960's, patients perceived doctors, then almost exclusively white men, as unassailable figures of authority. They knew best. But during the social and cultural upheaval that ushered in the women's rights, civil rights and consumers' rights movements, the paternalistic authority of the physician became deeply suspect. Women fought to join the conversation. Challenging the mystification of medicine, the Boston Women's Health Book Collective published "Our Bodies, Ourselves," a landmark guide. Women changed conventional wisdom about the prevalence of hospital deliveries, hysterectomies and mastectomies.

With the introduction of Medicaid and Medicare in 1965, health care began to be seen as a right, not a privilege. Patients repositioned themselves as consumers of health care, entitled to as much information as possible. Support groups sought to empower patients with booklets and questions for doctors. ...

By the 1980's, opinion seeking could even turn into doctor-shopping for specific procedures. Patients started suing doctors, an escalating conflict leading to, among other things, high malpractice premiums, Congressional debates and, in the examining rooms, overcautious conversations between litigation-alert doctors and patients.

Within the past decade, the shift in the doctor-patient conversation - from, "This is what's wrong with you, here's what to do," to "Here are your options, what do you want to do?" - became all but complete. Baby boomers had gotten what they had asked for. And then some.

"People want to feel a part of their health care," said David Mechanic, a medical sociologist at Rutgers University. "But they don't want to be abandoned to making decisions all on their own. When a doctor says, 'Here are your options,' without offering expert help and judgment, that is a form of abandonment. "...

"I wondered if he thought about me when I wasn't there," Mr. Sommers said. "I wrote a heartfelt note to my doctor to let him know why I wasn't coming back. But I never heard from him."

Even though he recently found a new neurologist, he does not know if this doctor will become the medical cheerleader and adviser that he longs for. "So my gatekeeper is my girlfriend, not my doctor," Mr. Sommers said. "We hash it all out, we figure out the options. She has a good, clear focused head about this stuff."...

Last summer, as doctors tried to figure out why her husband's urine had turned the color of cola, Joyce Rich went to work figuring it out herself.

Mrs. Rich, 58, a nursery school teacher from New City, N.Y., had to do something with her nervous energy. Like so many people who, when threatened by illness, feel frightened and helpless, she turned into a formidable Googling machine. Doing the homework gave her the comforting illusion of having a measure of control. ...

With patients having so much medical information, being a primary care doctor these days means donning armor daily. Here comes the public, bearing pharmaceutical brochures, sheaves of Internet printouts, pages of time-consuming questions: Vioxx? Total body scans? Why didn't you recommend a carotid artery Doppler?...



9/11 Rescuer Recalls Fear and Faith - New York Times

An individual's compelling account of her 9/11 experience...
9/11 Rescuer Recalls Fear and Faith - New York Times: "A huge cloud of ash came whipping around the corner of a building in Lower Manhattan, swallowing first the daylight and then her. When the dust cloud had her in its suffocating grip, it lifted her off the ground and threw her down, where she lay until fear compelled her once more to her feet and darkness engulfed her once again.

'At this point I laid down and I started saying my prayers,' said the woman, an emergency medical technician named Renae O'Carroll who was responding to the attack at the World Trade Center on Sept. 11, when she became lost in a perilous hail of debris. She saw 'big bolts of fire, fire balls' and then a bright light she accepted as a beacon of the afterlife. 'I said to myself at the moment: 'I guess this is the light, I guess this is my time.' I felt it was opening up and it was my time to go.'"

Saturday, August 13, 2005

BBC NEWS | Africa | Call to stave off African hunger

BBC NEWS | Africa | Call to stave off African hunger: "Call to stave off African hunger
African countries can do more to reduce the number of malnourished children, according to international researchers.

The proportion of malnourished people in sub-Saharan Africa has remained at about 35% since 1970, the International Food Policy Research Institute said.

But population growth means the numbers affected rose to 200 million by 2001.

Further deterioration could be averted if African states invested more in farming and gained better access to rich world markets, the report says.

It warns that the number of malnourished children could grow from 38.6 million now to 41.9 million by 2025.

The report comes amid a severe food crisis in Niger - where up to three million people are suffering shortages."...

The UN says 32,000 children with severe malnutrition could face death without the necessary food and medical treatment.

Besides Niger, hunger also looms in neighbouring Mali, Burkina Faso and Mauritania.

The crisis was triggered by poor harvests and locusts last year.

'Daunting' task

The IFPRI report says the UN Millennium Development goal to halve child malnutrition in Africa by 2015 will fail unless more radical steps are taken now.

According to the Washington-based institute, the entire continent needs at least at least $303bn (£167bn) in new investment to halve hunger by 2015 - a prospect it describes as "daunting". ...

The lead author says the recent pledge by world's richest countries to double aid to the poorest, as well as a promise by African leaders to boost investment in agriculture, would be beneficial.

"Improved crop, land and water management must be supported," Mark Rosegrant said.

Building roads and boosting the information and communication technology sectors would have a positive impact too, the report says.

It also called for better access to world markets for African produce.

Trade liberalisation in agriculture would bring an additional $5.4b to Africa by 2025, it says.

Wired News: HIV Treatment Raises Cure Hopes

Wired News: HIV Treatment Raises Cure Hopes: "LONDON -- A new treatment strategy has shown promise in helping to transform HIV into a curable infection. Preliminary research published this week in The Lancet medical journal outlines how scientists used an anti-convulsant drug to awaken dormant HIV hiding in the body, where it is temporarily invisible but still dangerous.

HIV infection is incurable because current drugs only work when the virus is multiplying, which occurs only when it is in an active cell. However, HIV sometimes infects dormant cells, and when it does, it becomes dormant itself."...

Wired News: HIV Treatment Raises Cure Hopes

Valproic acid--a cure for HIV infection?

Wired News: HIV Treatment Raises Cure Hopes: "'The idea, if we could ever do it, is to purge every latently infected cell. Treat patients for probably two or three years, they'd be able to come off their antiretroviral therapy and they'd be virus-free,' he said.

The study, led by Dr. David Margolis at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, tested the ability of valproic acid to reduce the number of infected dormant cells.

Four patients on standard therapy were given the pills to take twice daily for three months. The size of this pool of infected dormant cells decreased by 75 percent in three out of the four patients, the study found.

'This finding, though not definitive, suggests that new approaches will allow the cure of HIV in the future,' Margolis said. 'It's a significant conceptual move forward.'

Margolis said he believes the drug reactivates the virus inside a dormant cell, either waking up the cell with it or killing it. Dr. Jean-Pierre Routy, a professor at McGill University in Montreal, Canada, who also studies the dormant HIV issue, said Margolis' results were an impressive first try.

'It's enormous for just three months' treatment to have such an effect,' he said, adding that the findings merit urgent further study. 'I think it's very exciting news.'

However, other experts were less optimistic. 'It's extremely unlikely that this approach would work,' said Dr. Robert Siliciano, a professor of medicine at Johns Hopkins University who was one of the scientists who discovered the dormant infection problem in the mid-1990s. 'It assumes something about the mechanism which we don't know is true. The mechanism may involve other issues that are not affected by this drug.'

'It didn't get all the cells. That's probably because it's not really targeting the right mechanism for latency,' Siliciano said. 'It's got to be a 99.9999 percent reduction to be useful. When you stop the drugs the virus explodes back so quickly, even if you had one latently infected cell left, in a matter of days you would be back to where you started from.'

Siliciano said he also doubts the valproic acid approach will solve the problem because it's likely HIV lies dormant in other types of cells that scientists have not discovered yet and tackling those reservoirs may require a completely different approach.

'It's a little bit premature to be talking about a cure for HIV,' he said."
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